distraction osteogenesis is a surgical technique that gradually creates new bone by slowly separating two bone segments. It is commonly used in the jaws and face to lengthen or rebuild bone and the surrounding soft tissues. In dentistry, it is often discussed for jaw correction and for increasing bone height or length to support function and, in some cases, future tooth replacement. The process happens over time using a device called a distractor.

Occlusal cant correction is the process of leveling a “tilted” bite plane so the upper and lower teeth meet more evenly. An occlusal cant means the occlusal plane (the chewing surface line of the teeth) is higher on one side than the other. It is commonly discussed in orthodontics, prosthodontics, and orthognathic (jaw) surgery planning. In patient terms, it addresses a smile or bite that looks and functions “slanted.”

clockwise rotation means turning an object in the same direction as the hands of a clock. In dentistry, it describes how a clinician turns an instrument, a screw-type device, or even a dispensing tip during material placement. It is commonly referenced in restorative dentistry (placing resin materials), implant dentistry (threaded components), and endodontics (file or instrument motion). The clinical goal is usually controlled movement to improve handling, seating, or adaptation of a device or material.

counterclockwise rotation means turning or moving in the direction opposite a clock’s hands. In dentistry, it most often describes a deliberate turning motion used while placing or adjusting dental materials or components. It can be discussed in restorative dentistry (filling placement), prosthodontics (screws/abutments), and endodontics (file motion), depending on context. The exact purpose depends on the procedure and the tool or material being manipulated.

mandibular setback is a surgical movement that repositions the lower jaw (mandible) backward. It is most commonly part of orthognathic (jaw) surgery used to correct certain bite problems. It aims to improve how the teeth fit together and how the jaws relate in function and appearance. Planning often involves coordination between an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and an orthodontist.

mandibular advancement means positioning the lower jaw (mandible) forward from its usual resting bite. It is used in dentistry, orthodontics, and sleep medicine to change jaw position and related anatomy. It may be achieved with an oral appliance, orthodontic device, or jaw surgery, depending on the goal. It is commonly discussed in the context of snoring/obstructive sleep apnea and bite or jaw alignment.

maxillary expansion surgery is a surgical approach used to widen the upper jaw (the maxilla) when it is too narrow. It is most often combined with orthodontic treatment to help correct a crossbite, create space, or improve upper–lower jaw fit. In many cases, it supports planned tooth movement by making the upper arch broader and more stable. It is commonly considered when non-surgical expansion is less predictable, especially in skeletally mature patients.

maxillary impaction is a planned surgical repositioning of the upper jaw (the maxilla) upward. It is most commonly discussed in orthognathic (jaw) surgery, often as part of a Le Fort I osteotomy. In plain terms, it reduces excessive vertical height of the upper jaw to improve bite and facial balance. It may also be described in orthodontic-surgical treatment plans for open bite or a “gummy smile.”

maxillary advancement is a surgical procedure that moves the upper jaw (the maxilla) forward. It is most commonly performed as part of orthognathic (jaw) surgery to correct bite and jaw position problems. The goal is to improve how the upper and lower teeth fit together and how the midface is supported. It is planned jointly with orthodontics in many cases, especially when the bite needs repositioning.

chin reduction is a procedure designed to make the chin look smaller or less prominent. It is most often performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons or facial plastic surgeons as part of facial or jaw (orthognathic) treatment planning. It can involve reshaping the chin bone, adjusting its position, or modifying soft tissue to improve facial balance. In dentistry, it may be discussed when chin shape relates to bite alignment, jaw surgery planning, or facial esthetics around the lower face.