bruxism (ortho) refers to teeth grinding or clenching considered in an orthodontic (braces/aligners) context. It can occur during sleep or while awake, and it may involve strong bite forces. In orthodontics, it matters because it can affect tooth wear, jaw comfort, and the durability of appliances. It is commonly discussed during treatment planning, appliance selection, and bite (occlusion) management.

mouth breathing is breathing primarily through the mouth instead of the nose. It can happen during sleep, during the day, or both. It is commonly discussed in dentistry, orthodontics, and sleep health because it can affect the mouth’s moisture balance and oral tissues. It may be temporary (for example, during nasal congestion) or more persistent (habitual or due to airway obstruction).

pacifier habit is the repeated, routine use of a pacifier for non-nutritive sucking (sucking that is not for feeding). It is most common in infants and toddlers, and it may continue into the preschool years in some children. In dentistry, pacifier habit is discussed because long-term sucking patterns can influence teeth position and jaw growth. Clinicians also consider pacifier habit when assessing bite changes, speech development, and oral soft-tissue health.

thumb sucking is a common oral habit where a person places a thumb in the mouth and sucks rhythmically. It is a form of **non-nutritive sucking**, meaning it is not done for feeding but for comfort. It is most commonly seen in infants and young children, but it can persist in older children. Dental teams most often discuss it in the context of oral development, bite changes, and habit counseling.

oral habits are repeated behaviors that involve the mouth, teeth, lips, tongue, or jaw. They are commonly discussed in dentistry, orthodontics, and pediatric dental care. Some oral habits are normal in early childhood and fade over time. Others can persist and may influence tooth wear, gum health, or bite development.

myofunctional therapy is a structured program that trains the muscles of the mouth, face, and throat. It focuses on how the tongue rests, how the lips seal, and how a person swallows and breathes. It is commonly used in dental, orthodontic, and airway-focused care as a supportive therapy. It is also used alongside speech and feeding-related care when orofacial muscle patterns are involved.

Tongue thrust is a pattern of tongue movement and posture in which the tongue presses forward or sideways against the teeth during swallowing, speech, or at rest. It is commonly discussed in dentistry, orthodontics, and speech-language care because it can be associated with bite changes and speech patterns. Clinicians use the term to describe a functional habit rather than a disease or a dental material. Tongue thrust is evaluated as part of a broader assessment of oral function, breathing, and dental development.

OSA screening is a structured way to identify people who may be at risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It uses questions, medical history, and simple clinical observations to flag risk—not to confirm a diagnosis. OSA screening is commonly used in dental offices, primary care settings, and pre-procedure evaluations. In dentistry, it is often integrated into routine exams because the mouth and jaw can show clues related to airway health.

sleep-disordered breathing is a group of conditions where breathing becomes abnormal during sleep. It ranges from simple snoring to more complex patterns like repeated airway blockage or reduced airflow. The term is commonly used in sleep medicine and increasingly in dentistry because the mouth, jaw, and airway are closely connected. It helps clinicians describe sleep-related breathing problems without assuming a single diagnosis.

airway orthodontics is an approach to orthodontic care that considers how jaw position, dental arches, and facial growth relate to breathing. It commonly involves evaluating the nose, mouth, tongue posture, and airway space alongside tooth alignment. It is used most often in growth-age patients, but it may also be discussed in adult orthodontic planning. It is typically part of interdisciplinary care, sometimes involving sleep medicine, ENT, and myofunctional therapy providers.