pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) is a dental procedure that treats an inflamed or exposed tooth nerve (the pulp) while keeping the remaining pulp alive. It removes the affected pulp tissue in the crown of the tooth and places a protective material over the healthy pulp below. It is commonly used in children’s baby teeth and, in selected situations, in permanent teeth. The goal is to preserve the tooth and reduce the need for more extensive treatment.

direct pulp capping is a dental procedure used when the tooth’s pulp is directly exposed. The pulp is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. A protective material is placed over the exposure to help the pulp stay healthy and sealed. It is most commonly used during cavity treatment or after an accidental (mechanical) exposure in restorative work.

indirect pulp capping is a conservative dental procedure used when a cavity is close to the tooth’s pulp (the nerve and blood supply) but the pulp is not exposed. It involves leaving a thin layer of affected dentin in place, then sealing it under a protective material and a final restoration. It is commonly used in deep cavities to reduce the chance of exposing the pulp during decay removal. The goal is to keep the tooth vital (alive) while restoring function and comfort.

pulp protection is the use of materials and techniques to shield the tooth’s pulp during or after dental treatment. The pulp is the soft living tissue inside a tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. pulp protection is commonly used when treating cavities, placing fillings, or repairing teeth close to the pulp. Its goal is to help the tooth tolerate a restoration by reducing irritation and improving the seal.

cavity varnish is a thin, paint-on resin coating applied to the walls of a prepared tooth cavity before a restoration is placed. It is most commonly used as a protective seal under certain fillings to reduce fluid movement and irritation at the dentin surface. In modern practice, it may be used selectively because many restorations rely on adhesive bonding systems instead. It is different from fluoride varnish, which is applied to tooth surfaces to help prevent cavities.

An RMGI liner is a thin layer of resin-modified glass ionomer placed inside a tooth before a filling. It is commonly used under composite (tooth-colored) restorations and sometimes under other restorative materials. It helps protect and seal the dentin (the sensitive layer under enamel) during restorative care. It is typically applied in small amounts as a liner, not as the main filling material.

A glass ionomer liner is a thin layer of dental material placed under a filling or restoration. It is commonly used to protect the tooth and help seal the area close to the dental pulp (the tooth’s nerve and blood supply). Dentists often use it in small to moderate cavities, especially when dentin (the layer under enamel) is involved. It is typically covered by another restorative material, such as composite resin or an indirect restoration.

A calcium hydroxide liner is a thin protective dental material placed inside a cavity preparation before the final filling. It is commonly used when a cavity is close to the tooth’s pulp (the nerve and blood supply). Its main role is to help protect the pulp and support healing-related responses in deep areas. It is typically covered by another restorative material rather than used as the final surface.

A base is a dental material placed in a cavity preparation before a final filling or restoration. It is used to protect the tooth’s inner tissues and to support the overlying restorative material. Dentists commonly use a base under direct fillings (like composite) and sometimes under indirect restorations (like inlays/onlays or crowns). Different base materials exist, and the choice depends on the tooth, the depth of the cavity, and the planned restoration.

A liner is a thin layer of dental material placed on prepared tooth structure before a final restoration. It is commonly used under fillings (especially composite resin) and sometimes under indirect restorations. In simple terms, a liner acts as a protective and adapting “first layer” between the tooth and the restorative material. The exact material called a liner varies by clinician and case.