mandibular prognathism means the lower jaw (mandible) sits forward relative to the upper jaw (maxilla). It is commonly associated with an “underbite” and a Class III jaw relationship. Dentists and orthodontists use the term to describe facial and bite patterns during diagnosis and treatment planning. It can affect appearance, chewing function, tooth wear, and how the teeth meet.

mandibular deficiency means the lower jaw (mandible) is smaller, shorter, or positioned farther back than expected. It is a descriptive diagnosis used in dentistry, orthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is commonly discussed when evaluating a “Class II” bite, prominent upper teeth, or a retruded chin profile. It can be part of normal variation, growth-related change, or (less commonly) a broader craniofacial condition.

maxillary deficiency is a condition where the upper jaw (the maxilla) is smaller, positioned too far back, or narrower than expected relative to the rest of the face. It can affect how the upper and lower teeth fit together (occlusion) and how the midface looks in profile. Dentists and orthodontists commonly use the term when evaluating bite problems such as underbites and crossbites. It is discussed in orthodontics, craniofacial care (including cleft care), and orthognathic (jaw) surgery planning.

jaw discrepancy describes a mismatch in the size, position, or relationship of the upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible). It is commonly discussed in orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and prosthodontics when evaluating a person’s bite (occlusion). It can involve front-to-back, side-to-side, or vertical differences that affect how teeth fit together. Some cases are mostly skeletal (jaw-based), while others are mostly dental (tooth-position–based).

dentoalveolar discrepancy is a mismatch between tooth size and the available space in the dental arch. It is commonly discussed in orthodontics when explaining crowding (not enough space) or spacing (too much space). Clinicians use it to describe how teeth and the supporting alveolar bone relate in size and position. It helps frame why alignment issues happen and what types of correction may be considered.

skeletal discrepancy describes a mismatch in jaw size, jaw position, or facial growth pattern between the upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible). It is commonly discussed in orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and comprehensive treatment planning. In plain terms, it means the jaws do not “fit together” ideally, which can affect bite, facial balance, and function. It is different from tooth-only crowding or spacing, although both can occur together.

extrusion is a method of dispensing a dental material by pushing it out of a syringe, capsule, or automix tip. It allows clinicians to place small amounts of restorative or sealing material in a controlled way. extrusion is commonly used with flowable composites, sealants, and some resin cements. The goal is precise placement with less handling and more consistent adaptation to tooth surfaces.

intrusion is a restorative dentistry concept describing the intentional “pressing in” of a dental resin or composite into a prepared area or microscopic surface irregularities. It is most often discussed in the context of adhesive fillings and small repairs where close adaptation to tooth structure matters. The term is not fully standardized, and its meaning can vary by clinician and case. In practice, intrusion is achieved by using low-viscosity materials and placement techniques that improve contact with the tooth surface.

translation is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a specific kind of tooth movement. In translation, the tooth’s crown and root move together in the same direction, with minimal tipping. It is commonly discussed in braces and clear aligner treatment planning when clinicians aim for “bodily movement.” The same word can also appear in dental settings to mean language translation, but clinically it most often refers to tooth movement.

torque is a measure of rotational force—how strongly something is twisted around an axis. In dentistry, torque is commonly discussed when tightening screws (such as dental implants) and when using rotary instruments. It is also used in orthodontics to describe controlled tooth tipping (root position) using wires and brackets. Clinicians use torque to aim for consistent, repeatable force while reducing damage to teeth, restorations, or components.